Malnutrition among children remains a persistent problem around the world. This publication aims to map the challenges within the global landscape of childhood nutrition and considers the importance of nutrition both prior to conception and in children beyond two years of age. Session I provides an updated picture of malnutrition around the world, the recent progress that has been made in eliminating malnutrition in all its forms and several data limitations to track such progress. The role of milk in early life is covered in session II. The chapters describe different aspects of cow’s milk and the possible role of optimized plant proteins as an alternative to dairy ingredients in treating children with severe acute malnutrition. Session III considers the ramifications of environmental constraints to healthy child growth. The chapters cover the issue of how persistent gut damage and systemic inflammation can precipitate malnutrition as well as the putative effects of alterations in the gut microbiota. This overview of diverse issues is relevant to the epidemiology, biology of nutrition in early life, programmatic implications, and future directions.

Prelims
I	Prelims Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp I–VI (DOI:10.1159/000504114) Free Access

Preface
VII	Preface Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp VII–VIII (DOI:10.1159/000504447) Free Access

Foreword
IX	Foreword Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp IX–X (DOI:10.1159/000504231) Free Access

Contributors
XI	Contributors Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp XI–XIV (DOI:10.1159/000505470) Free Access

Pediatric Nutrition: Challenges and Approaches to Address Them
1	Global Landscape of Malnutrition in Infants and Young Children Neufeld L.M. · Beal T. · Larson L.M. · Cattaneo F.D. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 1–14 (DOI:10.1159/000503315)

15	When Does It All Begin: What, When, and How Young Children Are Fed Bentley M.E. · Nulty A.K. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 15–24 (DOI:10.1159/000503353)

25	Improving Children’s Diet: Approach and Progress Ramakrishnan U. · Webb Girard A. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 25–38 (DOI:10.1159/000503354)

39	The Importance of Food Composition Data for Estimating Micronutrient Intake: What Do We Know Now and into the Future? Grande F. · Vincent A. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 39–50 (DOI:10.1159/000503355)

51	Balancing Safety and Potential for Impact in Universal Iron Interventions Baldi A.J. · Larson L.M. · Pasricha S.-R. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 51–62 (DOI:10.1159/000503356)

63	Summary on Pediatric Nutrition: Challenges and Approaches to Address Them Neufeld L.M. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 63–66 (DOI:10.1159/000503427)

Role of Milk in Early Life
67	Human Milk as the First Source of Micronutrients Allen L.H. · Hampel D. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 67–76 (DOI:10.1159/000503359)

77	Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Growth of the Child Grenov B. · Larnkjær A. · Mølgaard C. · Michaelsen K.F. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 77–90 (DOI:10.1159/000503357)

91	Vitamin B12: An Intergenerational Story Chittaranjan Y. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 91–102 (DOI:10.1159/000503358)

103	Vegan Diet in Young Children Müller P. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 103–110 (DOI:10.1159/000503348)

111	Role of Optimized Plant Protein Combinations as a Low-Cost Alternative to Dairy Ingredients in Foods for Prevention and Treatment of Moderate Acute Malnutrition and Severe Acute Malnutrition Manary M. · Callaghan-Gillespie M. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 111–120 (DOI:10.1159/000503347)

121	Summary on the Role of Milk in Early Life Michaelsen K.F. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 121–124 (DOI:10.1159/000503565)

Environmental Impacts on Nutrition
125	Environmental and Physiological Barriers to Child Growth and Development Prentice A.M. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 125–132 (DOI:10.1159/000503349)

133	The Gut Microbiome in Child Malnutrition Robertson R.C. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 133–144 (DOI:10.1159/000503352)

145	Intergenerational Influences on Child Development: An Epigenetic Perspective Silver M.J. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 145–152 (DOI:10.1159/000503351)

153	Summarizing the Child Growth and Diarrhea Findings of the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Benefits and Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy Trials Makasi R.R. · Humphrey J.H. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 153–166 (DOI:10.1159/000503350)

167	Summary of Environmental Impacts on Nutrition Prentice A.M. Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 167–172 (DOI:10.1159/000504108)

Subject Index
173	Subject Index Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020, vol 93, pp 173–176 (DOI:10.1159/000504113) Free Access